International Product Policy – The Basic Product

Many German companies are actively selling their products into global markets, and they are successful in the globalization business. For many years, Germany has the largest trade volume of all countries worldwide. Although the current climate is not very favorable for the world markets (the World Trade Organization WTO is → estimating a decline of 9% in the world trade of 2009), our success on world markets ist important for country, companies, and inhabitants.

One of the most relevant questions for a firm approaching international markets, is, which products to sell abroad. In particular it needs to define, if these products should be standardized or if they are to be adapted to local markets. Often the product management drives this very important question.

Adaptation versus Product Standardization

The most easiest way of a firm just beginning to approach international markets, is to sell the products designed for the home market abroad, without any change (standardized product). On the other hand of the spectrum would be a company, which designs products for each individual target market (adaptation to local needs). Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages over the other, which I will discuss here.

Factors in Favor of Standardization

Standardized products can result in lower costs and larger economies of scale in the different activities from production to sales. Further, the management is easier, and it is possible to use identical marketing in different countries. Terpstra/ Sarathy (2002) name the following factors, which favor standardization:

• High costs of adaptation: High costs of production can make it difficult to sell the product at a reasonable price in low volume markets. In these cases standardization allows larger economies of scales, resulting in less costs per unit.
• Industrial products: Industrial goods tend to be more standardized than the more people centric consumer goods, as they normally adhere to technical principles, which are valid internationally.
• Convergence and similar tastes: Consumer patterns among countries with identical income levels tend to converge, and thus products for markets with differing income levels will more likely be different. The choice of target markets partially predefines which standardization level is possible.
• Predominant use in urban environments: Urban environments tend to be similar accross countries, and it is possible to standardize if the usage of the product can be limited to urban users.
• Marketing to similar countries: Depending on characteristics of the particular products, it is possible to identify markets with similar characteristics in terms of sales. It is possible to standardize, when it is possible to identify clusters of similar markets.
• Centralized management and operating with exports: If a firm operates internationally as an exporter is more likely that this firm favors to work with standardized products.
• Country-of-origin effects: Products might actively retain their home market focus. The firm might use these attributes strategically and it migh use these characteristics actively as a buying argument.
• Economies of scale in production: The firm can gain economies of scale in production when standardizing the products.
• Economies of scale in research and development: It the firm uses the same product design globally, it is possible to achieve economies of scale in R&D.
• Economies in marketing: Economies of scale are possible, if it is possible to use an identical marketing approach globally.

The Factors in Favor of Adaptation

If the adapted product better meets the needs local market demands, the customers abroad are often willing to pay a higher price. Thus adapted products might yield a higher profit per unit sold. Terpstra/ Sarathy (2002) name the following factors, which favor adaptation:

• Differences in technical  standards might make it neccessary to adapt the product to local needs.
• Needs of local customers: Consumer and personal use products will more exactly meet the needs of the local market, when adapted.
• Variation in consumer needs and differing use conditions. Use conditions in the different markets may differ, so that it might be required to adapt the product to local needs.
• Differing income levels: The per capita income levely vary greatly among the different countries worldwide. It might be required to adapt certain product specifics to local needs, and to allow customer segments to buy it, which are different to those at home.
• Fragmented independent national subsidiaries: Depending on the globalization strategy, companies might have largely independent national subsidiaries, which are active in their respective markets for a long time. These subidiaries might produce adapted products, and can, or will sometimes not follow new efforts to standardize the products globally. It is also possible that national subsidiaries demand from their headquarters local products that allow them to reach given profit targets.
• Cultural differences: Cultural differences might affect different buying criteria. It is thus often necessary to adapt a product to local tastes and habits.
• Environmentally induced adaptation: Governments might forbid or favor product characterstics, which are allowed in the home country. It is possible also, that they impose local content requirements (in these cases a certain portion of the product needs to be produced locally) to foreign companies.
• Corporate strategy and competition: The firms needs to consider examples of successful companies, and they need to understand, what these firms did, and how their success was related to the different strategic choices.

Principles for Product Adaptation

Terpstra/ Sarathy (2002) summarize the variables that foster product adaptation as follows (in declining importance in the industry):

1. The criteria variations in customer needs, conditions of use and abilitiy to buy are among the most important reasons to choose an adaption strategy. These factors guide the adaptation of attributes and features of the basic product, or of areas, such as packaging.
2. In most cases different technical standards, and different user languages require that particular product characteristics are altered.
3. It is then often required to follow competitors, which already offer adapted products.
4. If adaptation costs are low, it is likely that adaptation takes place. Products with high R&D effort will thus often not be adapted to local needs.
5. Local production parameters, and available material requires local production with changes in design or process.
6. In many cases government regulations force companies to make a localized product available.
7. Cultural preferences require certain adaptations

Example from the Software Space

Business support software often consists of global functions and features and of local functions and features. On the one hand side it is more efficient to develop a global product, so that a rollin of requirements needs to take place globally. This requires that the product manager is in contact with different customer groups and customer committees globally. It is further important for him to be able to identify the corresponding thought leaders.

On the other hand, the business practices or legal rules in the different countries differ, so that the product architecture and the use conditions need to be designed in a modularized way. The product manager needs to take care that these local demands are specified in a language that allows them to be built by development. To avoid that the final product consists of different realizations of identical requirements, the product manager further needs to establish processes, which take care that inbound requirements can be generalized among countries.

Many software needs to be localized heavily is in terms of documentation, translation, or cultural fields to be able to be sold internationally. Here some examples for usual adaptations:

• Translation of all texts (screen and documentation)
• Technologies to support differing character sets
• Adaptations to search capabilities following local language rules
• Date formats, number formats, and spelling
• Local adress formats, etc

Literature and further Reading

I used the following literature: Vern Terpstra, Ravi Sarathy, → International Marketing (Dryden Press Series in Marketing), 2002, Orlando, FL. U.S.A.

Here some further reading:

The Localization Industry Standards Association (→ Lisa) defines relevant standards for the software industry. They think about the topic as follows:

“Globalization is more than a technical process. While there is a strong technical component, successful globalization involves changing the way an organization does business. As long as international markets are treated as a secondary concern and a place to save on costs, globalization efforts will not be truly successful. In particular, globalization is not a process that starts after a product has been designed. If global concerns and plans for after-market support are not made even before product development begins, costs will go up and quality problems will emerge.” – www.lisa.org

Tags: English Content, Globalisierung, L10N-I18N-G11N, Nutzenversprechen, Rollin | 2 Comments »